e adalah konstanta bilangan real yang nilainya mendekati 2.71828 18284 59045 23536..
Ada kontras yang besar antara
perkembangan sejarah dari kedua angka dan dalam banyak cara menulis sejarah e
adalah tugas yang jauh lebih sulit daripada menulis π.
Nilai e pertama dikenal dimatematika
memiliki sejarah yang sangat sedikit.Tahun 1618 ketika, Napier bekerja pada
logaritma (ada pada lampirannya).
Pada tahun 1647 Saint-Vincent menghitung
daerah di bawah hiperbola persegi panjang.Apakah dia mengetahui hubungan antara
daerah di bawah hiperbola persegi panjang hubungan dengan logaritma?Hal ini
masih diperdebatkan.Pada 1661 Huygens memahami hubungan antara hiperbola
persegi panjang dan logaritma. Dia memeriksa secara eksplisit hubungan antara
daerah di bawah persegi panjang hiperbola yx = 1 dan logaritma. Tentu saja,
nilai e adalah sedemikian rupa sehingga daerah di bawah hiperbola persegi
panjang dari 1 sampai e sama dengan 1. Tetapi karyanya tidak benar-benar diakui
karena dia tidak menyebutkan bilangan ‘e’ secara eksplisit.
Hal yang mengejutkan, pekerjaan pada logaritma begitu dekat dengan bilangan e, ketika e pertama "ditemukan" itu bukan melalui konsep logaritma sama sekali melainkan melalui studi bunga majemuk. Pada 1683 Jacob Bernoulli memandang masalah bunga majemuk dan, dalam memeriksa bunga majemuk kontinyu, ia mencoba untuk menemukan batas dari (1 + 1 / n) n sebagai n cenderung tak terhingga.
Identitas Euler
Hal yang mengejutkan, pekerjaan pada logaritma begitu dekat dengan bilangan e, ketika e pertama "ditemukan" itu bukan melalui konsep logaritma sama sekali melainkan melalui studi bunga majemuk. Pada 1683 Jacob Bernoulli memandang masalah bunga majemuk dan, dalam memeriksa bunga majemuk kontinyu, ia mencoba untuk menemukan batas dari (1 + 1 / n) n sebagai n cenderung tak terhingga.
Dia menggunakan teorema binomial
untuk menunjukkan bahwa batas harus terletak antara 2 dan 3 sehingga kita bisa
menganggap hal ini menjadi pendekatan pertama ditemukan e. Juga menerima ini
sebagai definisi e. Akan tetapi jelas tidak mengakui hubungan antara karyanya
dan pada logaritma.
Saat ini tentu saja dari persamaan x
= at, kami menyimpulkan bahwa t = log x di mana basis log nya a.
Dari sini kita benar-benar berpikir bahwa log adalah sebuah fungsi, sementara
awal logaritma terfikirnya/diciptakan adalah sebagai alat bantu perhitungan.
Jacob Bernoulli lah yang pertama kali memahami bahwa fungsi log adalah
kebalikan dari fungsi eksponensial.
Pada tahun itu Leibniz menulis surat
kepada Huygens dan dalam hal ini ia menggunakan notasi b untuk apa yang sekarang
kita sebut e. Akhirnya nomor e punya nama (bahkan jika tidak salah satu yang
sekarang) dan itu diakui.Mungkin sekarang pembaca bertanya kenapa kita tidak
belajar sejarah bilangan ‘e’ dari pertama kali nilai ‘e’ muncul. Alasannya
adalah karena walaupun pekerjaan yang sebelumnya kita bahas, tidak
menyebutkan/mengatur tentang apa itu ‘e’, perlahan-lahan setelah ‘e’
didefinisikan kita mulai menyadari bahwa karya sebelumnya relevan. Kilas
baliknya, perkembangan awal logaritma merupakan bagian dari pemahaman tentang
nilai ‘e’.
Kenapa e? Kenapa tidak a, b, atau c, atau d?
Euler lah yang pertama kali
menemukan bahwa e notasi untuk nomor ini.Ada yang mengklaim bahwa Euler
menggunakan huruf e karena itu huruf pertama dari namanya.Ini mungkin terjadi
karena e berasal dari "eksponensial". Apapun alasannya, notasi e pertama
kali muncul dalam sebuah surat Euler kepada Goldbach pada tahun 1731. Dia
membuat berbagai penemuan mengenai e tahun-tahun berikutnya, tetapi tidak
sampai 1748 ketika Euler menerbitkan “Introductio di analysin infinitorum” Dia
menunjukkan bahwa :
e = 1 + 1/1! + 1/2! + 1/3! + ...
dan
bahwa e adalah batas (1 + 1 / n) n sebagai n cenderung tak terhingga atau
Euler
memberikan pendekatan untuk e sampai 23 desimal pada waktu itu,
Konstanta
matematikaemerupakan basis dari logaritma
natural.
Kadang-kadang disebut juga bilangan
Euler sebagai penghargaan atas ahli matematika Swiss, Leonhard
Euler, atau juga konstanta Napier sebagai penghargaan
atas ahli matematika Skotlandia, John
Napier yang merumuskan konsep logaritma untuk pertama kali. Bilangan ini
adalah salah satu bilangan yang terpenting dalam matematika, sama pentingnya
dengan 0, 1, i, dan π. Bilangan ini memiliki beberapa
definisi yang ekivalen; sebagain ada dibawah.
Identitas Euler
Dalam analisis matematika, Identitas
Euler adalah persamaan
Di mana persamaan tersebut menunjukkan hubungan yang erat antar kelima bilangan paling penting dalam matematika, yaitu:
0 adalah identitas penjumlahan
1 adalah identitas perkalian
e adalah bilangan Euler, basis logaritma
natural, yang nilainya adalah mendekati 2.71828182845905,
i adalah unit imajiner, salah satu dari dua bilangan kompleks yang kuadratnya negatif
satu (bilangan yang satu lagi adalah -i), dan
adalah Pi, rasio perbandingan antara keliling lingkaran dengan
diameternya, yang nilainya adalah mendekati 3.14159265358979.
Perhatikan juga bahwa dalam persamaan tersebut terdapat
operasi dasar aritmetik yaitu penjumlahan, perkalian, dan perpangkatan, dan masing-masing muncul tepat satu kali.
Identitas Euler dinamakan untuk mengenang ahli matematika
Leonhard Euler.
Secara geometris persamaan ini dapat dibayangkan sebagai rotasi titik (1, 0) pada bidang kompleks sebesar 180° (radian), dilanjutkan dengan translasi sebesar 1 searah sumbu X. Deretan transformasi tersebut tiba pada titik asal (0, 0).
Bukti
Identitas Euler dapat dibuktikan menggunaan formula:
dengan mensubstitusikan x dengan Pi didapat,
sehingga dengan menambahkan kedua ruas dengan 1 diperoleh persamaan,
APLIKASI
Jacob Bernoulli discovered this constant by studying a question about compound interest:[6]
An account starts with $1.00 and pays 100 percent
interest per year. If the interest is credited once, at the end of the year,
the value of the account at year-end will be $2.00. What happens if the
interest is computed and credited more frequently during the year?
If the interest is credited twice in the year, the
interest rate for each 6 months will be 50%, so the initial $1 is multiplied by
1.5 twice, yielding $1.00×1.52 = $2.25 at the end of the
year. Compounding quarterly yields $1.00×1.254 = $2.4414...,
and compounding monthly yields $1.00×(1+1/12)12 = $2.613035...
If there are n compounding intervals, the
interest for each interval will be 100%/n and the value at
the end of the year will be $1.00×(1 + 1/n)n.
Bernoulli noticed that this sequence approaches a limit
(the force of interest) with larger n
and, thus, smaller compounding intervals. Compounding weekly (n = 52) yields $2.692597...,
while compounding daily (n = 365)
yields $2.714567..., just two cents more. The limit as n
grows large is the number that came to be known as e;
with continuous compounding, the account value will reach $2.7182818....
More generally, an account that starts at $1 and offers an annual interest rate
of R will, after t
years, yield eRt dollars with
continuous compounding. (Here R is a fraction, so for 5%
interest, R = 5/100 = 0.05)
Apa yang
membuat seorang arkeolog mampu menaksir umur – umur fosil dinosaurus atau
tulang apapun yang ditemuinya?
Saat suatu
organisme mati, organisme tersebut akan berhenti mengambil karbon baru. Rasio
C-12 dengan C-14 pada saat kematian akan sama untuk setiiap makhluk lainnya,
tetapi C-14 atau karbon 14 tidak dapat diganti. Karbon-14 meluruh dengan
paruhnya dari 5.700 tahun, sementara jumlah carbon-12 tetap dalam sampel.
Dengan melihat
rasio karbon-12 dengan karbon-14 dalam sampel dan membandingkannya dengan rasio
dalam organisme hidup, adalah mungkin untuk menentukan usia hal yang sebelumnya
hidup cukup tepat. Sebuah formula untuk menghitung berapa tua sebuah sampel
dengan penanggalan carbon-14 adalah:
t = [ln (Nf /
No) / (-0.693)] x t1 / 2 dimana, ln adalah
logaritma natural, Nf / No adalah
persentase carbon -14 dalam sampel dibandingkan dengan jumlah di jaringan
hidup, Dan t1 / 2 adalah
waktu paruh carbon-14 (5.700 tahun).
Jadi, jika
Kalian memiliki fosil dengan 10 persen carbon-14 dibandingkan sampel hidup,
maka fosil itu akan menjadi: t = [ln (0.10) / (-0.693)] x 5.700 tahun t =
[(-2,303) / (-0,693)] x 5.700 tahun t = [3.323] x 5.700 tahun t = berusia
18.940 tahun,
Number
of known decimal digits of e
|
||
Date
|
Decimal
digits
|
Computation
performed by
|
1690
|
1
|
|
1714
|
13
|
|
1748
|
23
|
|
1853
|
137
|
|
1871
|
205
|
|
1884
|
346
|
J.
Marcus Boorman
|
1949
|
2,010
|
John von Neumann (on
theENIAC)
|
1961
|
100,265
|
|
1978
|
116,000
|
Steve Wozniak on
the Apple II
|
1994
April 1
|
1,000,000
|
Robert J. Nemiroff &
Jerry Bonnell
|
1999
November 21
|
1,250,000,000
|
Xavier
Gourdon
|
2000
July 16
|
3,221,225,472
|
Colin
Martin & Xavier Gourdon
|
2003
September 18
|
50,100,000,000
|
Shigeru
Kondo & Xavier Gourdon
|
2007
April 27
|
100,000,000,000
|
Shigeru
Kondo & Steve Pagliarulo
|
2009
May 6
|
200,000,000,000
|
Rajesh
Bohara & Steve Pagliarulo
|
2010
July 5
|
1,000,000,000,000
|
Shigeru
Kondo & Alexander J. Yee
|
Beberapa representasi lain dari
nilai e yang sudah diketahui :
The number e can
be expressed as the sum of the following infinite series:
for any real number x.
In the special case where x = 1,
or −1, we have:
dan
Other series include the following:
where is the Bell Number. some few examples : (forn = 1,2,3)
Sebagai perkalian tak berhingga
If π's long history traces the
ancient development of
mathematics, e's shorter history
traces the birth of modern mathematics. And it is a
captivating history, complete with
eccentric personalities, spectacular mathematical
results, and still unsolved
conjectures—a history worth celebrating and sharing with
students.
31 comments:
bagaimana cara membuktikan nilai euler=2,........?
apakah ln x=1/x? tolong buktikan...pleaseeee
ini bukti nya mas lovely
http://aiihoppus.blogspot.com.br/2012/12/asal-usul-bilangan-euler-e.html
Very good article .Thank you for sharing
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