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Thursday, June 19, 2014

BILANGAN E (EULER)



















e adalah konstanta bilangan real yang nilainya mendekati 2.71828 18284 59045 23536..



Ada kontras yang besar antara perkembangan sejarah dari kedua angka dan dalam banyak cara menulis sejarah e adalah tugas yang jauh lebih sulit daripada menulis π.

Nilai e pertama dikenal dimatematika memiliki sejarah yang sangat sedikit.Tahun 1618 ketika, Napier bekerja pada logaritma (ada pada lampirannya).

Pada tahun 1647 Saint-Vincent menghitung daerah di bawah hiperbola persegi panjang.Apakah dia mengetahui hubungan antara daerah di bawah hiperbola persegi panjang hubungan dengan logaritma?Hal ini masih diperdebatkan.Pada 1661 Huygens memahami hubungan antara hiperbola persegi panjang dan logaritma. Dia memeriksa secara eksplisit hubungan antara daerah di bawah persegi panjang hiperbola yx = 1 dan logaritma. Tentu saja, nilai e adalah sedemikian rupa sehingga daerah di bawah hiperbola persegi panjang dari 1 sampai e sama dengan 1. Tetapi karyanya tidak benar-benar diakui karena dia tidak menyebutkan bilangan ‘e’ secara eksplisit.

Hal yang mengejutkan, pekerjaan pada logaritma  begitu dekat dengan bilangan e, ketika e pertama "ditemukan" itu bukan melalui konsep logaritma sama sekali melainkan melalui studi bunga majemuk. Pada 1683 Jacob Bernoulli memandang masalah bunga majemuk dan, dalam memeriksa bunga majemuk kontinyu, ia mencoba untuk menemukan batas dari (1 + 1 / n) n sebagai n cenderung tak terhingga.





Dia menggunakan teorema binomial untuk menunjukkan bahwa batas harus terletak antara 2 dan 3 sehingga kita bisa menganggap hal ini menjadi pendekatan pertama ditemukan e. Juga menerima ini sebagai definisi e. Akan tetapi jelas tidak mengakui hubungan antara karyanya dan pada logaritma.

Saat ini tentu saja dari persamaan x = at, kami menyimpulkan bahwa t = log x di mana basis log nya a. Dari sini kita benar-benar berpikir bahwa log adalah sebuah fungsi, sementara awal logaritma terfikirnya/diciptakan adalah sebagai alat bantu perhitungan. Jacob Bernoulli lah yang pertama kali memahami bahwa fungsi log adalah kebalikan dari fungsi eksponensial.


Pada tahun itu Leibniz menulis surat kepada Huygens dan dalam hal ini ia menggunakan notasi b untuk apa yang sekarang kita sebut e. Akhirnya nomor e punya nama (bahkan jika tidak salah satu yang sekarang) dan itu diakui.Mungkin sekarang pembaca bertanya kenapa kita tidak belajar sejarah bilangan ‘e’ dari pertama kali nilai ‘e’ muncul. Alasannya adalah karena walaupun pekerjaan yang sebelumnya kita bahas, tidak menyebutkan/mengatur tentang apa itu ‘e’, perlahan-lahan setelah ‘e’ didefinisikan kita mulai menyadari bahwa karya sebelumnya relevan. Kilas baliknya, perkembangan awal logaritma merupakan bagian dari pemahaman tentang nilai ‘e’.

Kenapa e? Kenapa tidak a, b, atau c, atau d?
Euler lah yang pertama kali menemukan bahwa e notasi untuk nomor ini.Ada yang mengklaim bahwa Euler menggunakan huruf e karena itu huruf pertama dari namanya.Ini mungkin terjadi karena e berasal dari "eksponensial". Apapun alasannya, notasi e pertama kali muncul dalam sebuah surat Euler kepada Goldbach pada tahun 1731. Dia membuat berbagai penemuan mengenai e tahun-tahun berikutnya, tetapi tidak sampai 1748 ketika Euler menerbitkan “Introductio di analysin infinitorum” Dia menunjukkan bahwa :

e = 1 + 1/1! + 1/2! + 1/3! + ...

dan bahwa e adalah batas (1 + 1 / n) n sebagai n cenderung tak terhingga atau



Euler memberikan pendekatan untuk e sampai 23 desimal pada waktu itu,

Konstanta matematikaemerupakan basis dari logaritma natural. Kadang-kadang disebut juga bilangan Euler sebagai penghargaan atas ahli matematika Swiss, Leonhard Euler, atau juga konstanta Napier sebagai penghargaan atas ahli matematika Skotlandia, John Napier yang merumuskan konsep logaritma untuk pertama kali. Bilangan ini adalah salah satu bilangan yang terpenting dalam matematika, sama pentingnya dengan 0, 1, i, dan π. Bilangan ini memiliki beberapa definisi yang ekivalen; sebagain ada dibawah.

Identitas Euler











Dalam analisis matematika, Identitas Euler adalah persamaan



Di mana persamaan tersebut menunjukkan hubungan yang erat antar kelima bilangan paling penting dalam matematika, yaitu:
0 adalah identitas penjumlahan
1 adalah identitas perkalian
e adalah  bilangan Euler, basis logaritma natural, yang nilainya adalah mendekati 2.71828182845905,
i adalah unit imajiner, salah satu dari dua bilangan kompleks yang kuadratnya negatif satu (bilangan yang satu lagi adalah -i), dan
 adalah Pi, rasio perbandingan antara keliling lingkaran dengan diameternya, yang nilainya adalah mendekati 3.14159265358979.
Perhatikan juga bahwa dalam persamaan tersebut terdapat operasi dasar aritmetik yaitu penjumlahan, perkalian, dan perpangkatan, dan masing-masing muncul tepat satu kali.
Identitas Euler dinamakan untuk mengenang ahli matematika Leonhard Euler.
Secara geometris persamaan ini dapat dibayangkan sebagai rotasi titik (1, 0) pada bidang kompleks sebesar 180° (radian), dilanjutkan dengan translasi sebesar 1 searah sumbu X. Deretan transformasi tersebut tiba pada titik asal (0, 0).
Bukti



Identitas Euler dapat dibuktikan menggunaan formula:




dengan mensubstitusikan x dengan Pi didapat,











sehingga dengan menambahkan kedua ruas dengan 1 diperoleh persamaan,




APLIKASI
Jacob Bernoulli discovered this constant by studying a question about compound interest:[6]
An account starts with $1.00 and pays 100 percent interest per year. If the interest is credited once, at the end of the year, the value of the account at year-end will be $2.00. What happens if the interest is computed and credited more frequently during the year?
If the interest is credited twice in the year, the interest rate for each 6 months will be 50%, so the initial $1 is multiplied by 1.5 twice, yielding $1.00×1.52 = $2.25 at the end of the year. Compounding quarterly yields $1.00×1.254 = $2.4414..., and compounding monthly yields $1.00×(1+1/12)12 = $2.613035... If there are n compounding intervals, the interest for each interval will be 100%/n and the value at the end of the year will be $1.00×(1 + 1/n)n.
Bernoulli noticed that this sequence approaches a limit (the force of interest) with larger n and, thus, smaller compounding intervals. Compounding weekly (n = 52) yields $2.692597..., while compounding daily (n = 365) yields $2.714567..., just two cents more. The limit as n grows large is the number that came to be known as e; with continuous compounding, the account value will reach $2.7182818.... More generally, an account that starts at $1 and offers an annual interest rate of R will, after t years, yield eRt dollars with continuous compounding. (Here R is a fraction, so for 5% interest, R = 5/100 = 0.05)

Apa yang membuat seorang arkeolog mampu menaksir umur – umur fosil dinosaurus atau tulang apapun yang ditemuinya?
Saat suatu organisme mati, organisme tersebut akan berhenti mengambil karbon baru. Rasio C-12 dengan C-14 pada saat kematian akan sama untuk setiiap makhluk lainnya, tetapi C-14 atau karbon 14 tidak dapat diganti. Karbon-14 meluruh dengan paruhnya dari 5.700 tahun, sementara jumlah carbon-12 tetap dalam sampel.
Dengan melihat rasio karbon-12 dengan karbon-14 dalam sampel dan membandingkannya dengan rasio dalam organisme hidup, adalah mungkin untuk menentukan usia hal yang sebelumnya hidup cukup tepat. Sebuah formula untuk menghitung berapa tua sebuah sampel dengan penanggalan carbon-14 adalah:
t = [ln (Nf / No) / (-0.693)] x t1 / 2 dimana, ln adalah logaritma natural, Nf / No adalah persentase carbon -14 dalam sampel dibandingkan dengan jumlah di jaringan hidup, Dan t1 / 2 adalah waktu paruh carbon-14 (5.700 tahun).

Jadi, jika Kalian memiliki fosil dengan 10 persen carbon-14 dibandingkan sampel hidup, maka fosil itu akan menjadi: t = [ln (0.10) / (-0.693)] x 5.700 tahun t = [(-2,303) / (-0,693)] x 5.700 tahun t = [3.323] x 5.700 tahun t = berusia 18.940 tahun,



Number of known decimal digits of e
Date
Decimal digits
Computation performed by
1690
1
1714
13
1748
23
1853
137
1871
205
1884
346
J. Marcus Boorman
1949
2,010
1961
100,265
1978
116,000
1994 April 1
1,000,000
Robert J. Nemiroff & Jerry Bonnell 
1999 November 21
1,250,000,000
Xavier Gourdon 
2000 July 16
3,221,225,472
Colin Martin & Xavier Gourdon
2003 September 18
50,100,000,000
Shigeru Kondo & Xavier Gourdon 
2007 April 27
100,000,000,000
Shigeru Kondo & Steve Pagliarulo 
2009 May 6
200,000,000,000
Rajesh Bohara & Steve Pagliarulo 
2010 July 5
1,000,000,000,000
Shigeru Kondo & Alexander J. Yee 


Beberapa representasi lain dari nilai e yang sudah diketahui :

The number e can be expressed as the sum of the following infinite series:





for any real number x.

In the special case where x = 1, or −1, we have:

dan 





Other series include the following:












where  is the  Bell Number. some few examples : (forn = 1,2,3)














Sebagai perkalian tak berhingga


If π's long history traces the ancient development of
mathematics, e's shorter history traces the birth of modern mathematics. And it is a
captivating history, complete with eccentric personalities, spectacular mathematical
results, and still unsolved conjectures—a history worth celebrating and sharing with
students.

31 comments:

Unknown said...

bagaimana cara membuktikan nilai euler=2,........?
apakah ln x=1/x? tolong buktikan...pleaseeee

Unknown said...

ini bukti nya mas lovely
http://aiihoppus.blogspot.com.br/2012/12/asal-usul-bilangan-euler-e.html

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